Bioavailability and systemic transport of oleanolic acid in humans, formulated as a functional olive oil.

Evidence of the pharmacological activity of oleanolic acid (OA) suggests its potential therapeutic application. However, its use in functional foods, dietary supplements, or nutraceuticals is hindered by limited human bioavailability studies. The BIO-OLTRAD trial is a double-blind, randomized controlled study with 22 participants that received a single dose of 30 mg OA formulated as a functional olive oil. The study revealed that the maximum serum concentration of OA ranged from 500 to 600 ng mL-1, with an AUC0-∞ value of 2862.50 ± 174.50 ng h mL-1. Furthermore, we discovered a physiological association of OA with serum albumin and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). UV absorption spectra showed conformational changes in serum albumin due to the formation of an adduct with OA. Additionally, we demonstrated that TRL incorporate OA, reaching a maximum concentration of 140 ng mL-1 after 2-4 hours. We conjecture that both are efficient carriers to reach target tissues and to yield high bioavailability.

Transcranial direct current stimulation during a prolonged cognitive task: the effect on cognitive and shooting performances in professional female basketball players.

The negative effect of prolonged cognitive demands on psychomotor skills in athletes has been demonstrated. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could be used to mitigate this effect. This study examined the effects of tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during a 30-min inhibitory Stroop task on cognitive and shooting performances of professional female basketball players. Following a randomised, double-blinded, sham-controlled, cross-over design, players were assigned to receive anodal tDCS (a-tDCS, 2 mA for 20 min) or sham-tDCS in two different sessions. Data from 8 players were retained for analysis. Response Time decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.44; no effect of condition, or condition vs. time interaction). No difference in mean accuracy and shooting performance was observed between tDCS conditions. The results suggest that a-tDCS exert no additional benefits in reducing the negative effects of prolonged cognitive demands on technical performance compared to sham (placebo).Practitioner summary: Prolonged cognitive demands can negatively affect the athletes' performance. We tested whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could attenuate these effects on cognitive and shooting performance in professional female basketball players. However, tDCS did not exert any additional benefits compared to sham.Abbreviations: tDCS: transcranial direct current stimulation; a-tDCS: anodal transcranial direct current stimulation; PFC: prefrontal cortex; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PCT: prolonged cognitive task; TT: time trial; RT: response time; NASA-TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index; RPE: ratings of perceived exertion; CR-10 scale: category rating scale; EEG: electroencephalogram; AU: arbitrary units.

Falsa acusação de abuso sexual na alienação parental: luto ou melancolia? / False accusation of sexual abuse in parental alienation: mourning or melancholia? / Falsa acusación de abuso sexual en la alienación parental: ¿luto o melancolía?

Este artigo apresenta como principal objeto de estudo a falsa acusação de abuso sexual no contexto da alienação parental para, diante dela, estabelecer a seguinte problemática: será possível propor uma eventual correlação entre si e os processos psíquicos do luto e da melancolia? Neste sentido, a partir do recurso teórico ao referencial psicanalítico de Freud e de Laplanche, debate as circunstâncias que norteiam o discurso levado ao Judiciário pelo genitor alienante valorizando em tal movimento não apenas a realidade material da prova, tão importante no campo jurídico, mas também a realidade psíquica ditada pelo inconsciente, a qual se pauta em uma noção de verdade que, na sua vinculação direta com a particularidade de cada sujeito e com o dinamismo das relações específicas que ele estabelece consigo mesmo e com os outros, coloca em xeque as certezas positivistas da norma. Em termos conclusivos, destaca o quanto, a despeito da atual literatura existente sobre alienação parental no Brasil a correlacionar, em regra, a um luto mal elaborado por parte do alienante, é possível e mesmo desejável cogitar também a presença da melancolia - ou, mais especificamente, de traços melancólicos intermediários - na formação e desenvolvimento desse fenômeno.(AU)

This article presents as the main object of study the false accusation of sexual abuse in the context of parental alienation, to establish the following problem: would it be possible to propose a probable correlation between parental alienation and the psychic processes of mourning and melancholia? In this sense, based on the psychoanalytic theoretical framework of Freud and Laplanche, the article discusses the circumstances that guide the discourse taken to the judiciary branch by the alienating parent, valuing in such action not only the material reality of the evidence, which is very important in the legal field, but also the psychic reality dictated by the unconscious, which is guided by a notion of truth that, in its direct connection with the particularity of each subject and with the dynamism of the specific relations that they establish with themselves and others, threatens the positivist certainties of the norm. In conclusive terms, it highlights how, despite the current existing literature on parental alienation in Brazil generally correlates it to a poorly elaborated mourning by the alienating person, it is possible and even desirable to also consider the presence of melancholia-or, more specifically, of intermediate melancholic traits-in the formation and development of this phenomenon.(AU)

Este artículo presenta como principal objeto de estudio la falsa acusación de abuso sexual en el contexto de alienación parental, con el fin de responder al siguiente planteamiento: ¿Es posible proponer una posible correlación entre la alienación parental y los procesos psíquicos de duelo y melancolía? Para ello, desde el marco psicoanalítico de Freud y de Laplanche, se discuten las circunstancias del discurso llevado al Poder Judicial por el padre alienante, que valora en tal movimiento no solo la realidad material de la prueba, tan importante en el campo jurídico, sino también la realidad psíquica dictada por el inconsciente, el cual se guía por una noción de verdad que, en su conexión directa con la particularidad de cada sujeto y con el dinamismo de las relaciones específicas que establece consigo mismo y con otros, pone en jaque las certezas positivistas de la norma. En la conclusión, destaca cómo, a pesar de la literatura actual existente sobre la alienación parental en Brasil, en general, la correlaciona con un duelo mal diseñado por parte de la persona alienante, es posible e incluso deseable considerar la presencia de la melancolía -más específicamente, de rasgos melancólicos intermediarios- en la formación y desarrollo de este fenómeno.(AU)

Hepatic triglyceride content does not affect circulating CETP: lessons from a liraglutide intervention trial and a population-based cohort.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is mainly expressed by Kupffer cells in the liver. A reduction of hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) by pioglitazone or caloric restriction is accompanied by a decrease in circulating CETP. Since GLP-1 analogues also reduce HTGC, we assessed whether liraglutide decreases CETP. Furthermore, we investigated the association between HTGC and CETP in a population-based cohort. In a placebo-controlled trial, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to treatment with liraglutide or placebo added to standard care. In this trial and in 1,611 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study, we measured HTGC and circulating CETP by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ELISA, respectively. The HTGC was decreased in the liraglutide group (-6.3%; 95%CI of difference [-9.5, -3.0]) but also in the placebo group (-4.0%; 95%CI[-6.0, -2.0]), without between-group differences. CETP was not decreased by liraglutide (-0.05 µg/mL; 95%CI[-0.13, 0.04]) or placebo (-0.04 µg/mL; 95%CI[-0.12, 0.04]). No association was present between HTGC and CETP at baseline (ß: 0.002 µg/mL per %TG, 95%CI[-0.005, 0.009]) and between the changes after treatment with liraglutide (ß: 0.003 µg/mL per %TG, 95%CI[-0.010, 0.017]) or placebo (ß: 0.006 µg/mL per %TG, 95%CI[-0.012,0.024]). Also, in the cohort n o association between HTGC and CETP was present (ß: -0.001 µg/mL per SD TG, 95%CI[-0.005, 0.003]). A reduction of HTGC after treatment with liraglutide or placebo does not decrease circulating CETP. Also, no association between HTGC and CETP was present in a large cohort. These findings indicate that circulating CETP is not determined by HTGC.Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01761318).

A randomized controlled trial of folic acid intervention in pregnancy highlights a putative methylation-regulated control element at ZFP57.

BACKGROUND: Maternal blood folate concentrations during pregnancy have been previously linked with DNA methylation patterns, but this has been done predominantly through observational studies. We showed recently in an epigenetic analysis of the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) of folic acid supplementation specifically in the second and third trimesters (the EpiFASSTT trial) that methylation at some imprinted genes was altered in cord blood samples in response to treatment. Here, we report on epigenome-wide screening using the Illumina EPIC array (~ 850,000 sites) in these same samples (n = 86). RESULTS: The top-ranked differentially methylated promoter region (DMR) showed a gain in methylation with folic acid (FA) and was located upstream of the imprint regulator ZFP57. Differences in methylation in cord blood between placebo and folic acid treatment groups at this DMR were verified using pyrosequencing. The DMR also gains methylation in maternal blood in response to FA supplementation. We also found evidence of differential methylation at this region in an independent RCT cohort, the AFAST trial. By altering methylation at this region in two model systems in vitro, we further demonstrated that it was associated with ZFP57 transcription levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results strengthen the link between folic acid supplementation during later pregnancy and epigenetic changes and identify a novel mechanism for regulation of ZFP57. This trial was registered 15 May 2013 at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN19917787.

Comparative Bioavailability of Two Diosmin Formulations after Oral Administration to Healthy Volunteers.

Diosmin is a flavonoid commonly found in citrus fruits, largely used as adjuvant treatment for circulatory disorders, including chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and hemorrhoids. Following oral administration, diosmin is not directly absorbed but must first be hydrolyzed into its aglycone, diosmetin, which is then absorbed into the systemic circulation. The aim of the current cross-over clinical study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of µSmin® Plus, a micronized diosmin flavonoid complex standardized in diosmin and formulated with a buffering agent (tested formulation). The study compared this to unformulated micronized diosmin (reference), in 16 healthy volunteers. Plasma samples were analyzed by HPLC-MS and plasma diosmetin concentration was measured after deconjugation with ß-glucuronidase. For the tested formulation area under the curve (AUC0-t), and maximum plasma and time concentration (Cmax; tmax) were found to be 298.4 ± 163.7, 50.3 ± 22.6 and 2.2 ± 2.9, respectively. AUC0-t and Cmax of the reference were 31.9 ± 100.4 and 2.4 ± 1.9, respectively. The tested formulation showed higher plasmatic concentrations of diosmetin in comparison to those obtained after the administration of unformulated micronized diosmin. The relative bioavailability was 9.4 greater for the tested formulation than in micronized diosmin. In conclusion, our data indicate that µSmin® Plus was rapidly and well absorbed into systemic circulation and may therefore be ideally suitable to deliver diosmin in human interventional trials.

A hyaluronic acid- and chondroitin sulfate-based medical device improves gastritis pain, discomfort, and endoscopic features.

Gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a medical device, Esoxx®, based on hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate on gastritis-related upper abdominal pain/discomfort and endoscopic features. Fifty patients, affected by gastritis, were randomised to receive the medical device or placebo. The primary endpoint was the medical device efficacy on upper abdominal pain/discomfort associated with gastritis and measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The secondary endpoints were the efficacy of the medical device on gastritis-related mucosal erosions, blood oozing, and hyperemia (redness)/edema, as assessed by endoscopy, and the patients' rating of their compliance with the treatments. A significant reduction in VAS pain was observed in the treatment group after a 5-week treatment, if compared with placebo (p < 0.001). In summary, administration of a medical device, based on hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, improves gastritis-related upper abdominal pain/discomfort and decreases mucosal erosions, blood oozing, and hyperemia (redness)/edema at 5-week follow-up in patients affected by gastritis.

Azilsartan in Patients With Mild to Moderate Hypertension Using Clinic and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements.

This was a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind dose-ranging study. Hypertensive adults (n=555) received one of five doses of azilsartan (AZL; 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg), olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) 20 mg, or placebo once daily. The primary endpoint was change in trough clinic diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at week 8. Compared with placebo, all AZL doses (except 2.5 mg) provided statistically and clinically significant reductions in DBP and systolic blood pressure (SBP) based on both clinic blood pressure (BP) and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). AZL 40 mg was statistically superior vs OLM. Clinic BP was associated with a pronounced placebo effect (-6 mm Hg), whereas this was negligible with ABPM (±0.5 mm Hg). Adverse event frequency was similar in the AZL and placebo groups. Based on these and other findings, subsequent trials investigated the commercial AZL medoxomil tablet at doses 20 to 80 mg/d using 24-hour ABPM.

Measurement of red blood cell eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels in a randomised trial of EPA in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases.

We investigated red blood cell (RBC) PUFA profiles, and the predictive value of RBC EPA content for tumour EPA exposure and clinical outcomes, in the EMT study, a randomised trial of EPA in patients awaiting colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis surgery (Cockbain et al., 2014) [8]. There was a significant increase in RBC EPA in the EPA group (n=43; median intervention 30 days; mean absolute 1.26[±0.14]% increase; P<0.001), but not in the placebo arm (n=45). EPA incorporation varied widely in EPA users and was not explained by treatment duration or compliance. There was little evidence of 'contamination' in the placebo group. The EPA level predicted tumour EPA content (r=0.36; P=0.03). Participants with post-treatment EPA≥1.22% (n=49) had improved OS compared with EPA <1.22% (n=29; HR 0.42[95%CI 0.16-0.95]). RBC EPA content should be evaluated as a biomarker of tumour exposure and clinical outcomes in future EPA trials in CRC patients.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Bedaquiline and Metabolite M2 in Patients With Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: The Effect of Time-Varying Weight and Albumin.

Albumin concentration and body weight are altered in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and change during the long treatment period, potentially affecting drug disposition. We here describe the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of the novel anti-TB drug bedaquiline and its metabolite M2 in 335 patients with MDR-TB receiving 24 weeks of bedaquiline on top of a longer individualized background regimen. Semiphysiological models were developed to characterize the changes in weight and albumin over time. Bedaquiline and M2 disposition were well described by three and one-compartment models, respectively. Weight and albumin were correlated, typically increasing after the start of treatment, and significantly affected bedaquiline and M2 plasma disposition. Additionally, age and race were significant covariates, whereas concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, sex, or having extensively drug-resistant TB was not. This is the first population model simultaneously characterizing bedaquiline and M2 PKs in its intended use population. The developed model will be used for efficacy and safety exposure-response analyses.

El doble vínculo en la violencia filio parental: entre la trampa relacional con los hijos e la trampa social / O duplo vínculo na violência filho parental: entre o ardil relacional com os filhos e o ardil social / The double bind in the filioparental violence: between the relational tramp with the children and the social tramp

La violencia filio parental es un tipo de violencia complejo que excede la tipología tradicional de la violencia como la violencia de género o la violencia parento filial. La denominamos como un fenómeno de alta complejidad, dado que altera la lógica racional de la violencia: la dinámica clásica destaca un sujeto que jerárquicamente se halla en un up relacional, por ejemplo un marido o esposa, o un padre o madre. Pero en este caso esta posición por arriba destaca a los hijos por sobre los padres.Y no es el caso de dos padres ancianos impotentes y un adolescente poderoso. No son pocos los casos, como en el que se presenta en este artículo, que son adolescentes o púberes de apariencia inocente e indefensa, lo que alienta que la característica relacional sea de tipo del doble vínculo. Dado que altera la lògica racional, la justicia y el entorno familiar ampara a los agresores y toma por victimarios a las víctimas, creando un entrampe relacional que puede involucar a la psicoterapia.(AU)

Violência filho parental é um tipo complexo de violência que ultrapassa a tipologia tradicional da violência como violência de gênero e violência parental em relação ao filho. Nós denominamos como um fenômeno altamente complexo, pois altera a lógica racional da violência: a dinâmica clássica destaca um sujeito que se acha hierarquicamente em uma posição relacional acima, por exemplo, um marido ou esposa, ou o pai ou a mãe. Mas, neste caso, esta posição acima destaca os filhos sobre os pais. E não é o caso de dois pais idosos impotentes e um adolescente poderoso. Não são poucos os casos, como o apresentado neste artigo, que são "adolescentes ou púberes" de aparência inocente e indefesa, que incentivam que a característica relacional seja do tipo de duplo vínculo. Desde que altera a lógica racional, a justiça e o ambiente familiar protege mais agressores e toma por vitimários às vítimas, criando um ardil relacional que pode envolver a psicoterapia.(AU)

Filio parental violenceis a complextype of violence that exceedsthetraditionaltypology of violence as gender violenceor parental violence toward children. Wecallit as a highly complex phenomenon, since italterstherationallogic of violence: the classical dynamics high lights a subject that is hierarchically in a relational up, fo rexample a husband or wife, or father or mother. But in this case this position stands above the children over the parents. And is not the case of two elderly parents power less and power ful teenager. There are notfew cases, such as the one presented in this article, which are "teen agerorpubescent" innocent and defense less appearance, which encourages the relation alfeature of type of doublebind. Since it alters the rationallogic, justice and home environment protects perpetrators and victimizer stakenby victims, creating a relation altramp that might in volve type psychotherapy.(AU)

Overall Survival Analysis From a Randomized Phase II Study of Axitinib With or Without Dose Titration in First-Line Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: In a randomized phase II trial in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), objective response rate was significantly higher with axitinib versus placebo titration (54% vs. 34%; 1-sided P = .019). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Treatment-naive patients with mRCC (n = 213) received axitinib 5 mg twice per day (b.i.d.) for 4 weeks. Patients meeting dose titration criteria were randomized to receive axitinib 5 mg b.i.d. with axitinib or placebo titration (n = 56 each); 91 patients ineligible for randomization continued axitinib 5 mg b.i.d.; 10 discontinued before randomization. RESULTS: Median overall survival (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 42.7 months (24.7-not estimable) with axitinib titration versus 30.4 months (23.7-45.0) with placebo titration (stratified hazard ratio, 0.785; 95% CI, 0.485-1.272; 1-sided P = .162), and 41.6 months (95% CI, 33.0-not estimable) in nonrandomized patients. Safety data were consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION: Median overall survival was numerically longer in patients with first-line mRCC who received axitinib versus placebo titration. No new safety signal was observed after long-term axitinib treatment in first-line mRCC.

[The evaluation of unsaturation of blood lipids using methods of physical chemistry and clinical biochemistry. The insulin regulation of metabolism of fatty acids, number of double binds and cell absorption of glucose].

It is supposed that the main cause of insulin synthesis at late stages of phylogenesis became discrepancy between increase in vivo need in energy and physical chemical parameters of palmitic saturated fatty acid; its transportation to cells in composition of lipoproteins in optimal quantity (more than 15% of all fatty acids) became in vivo unfeasible. The biological role of insulin consists in supporting of insulin-dependent cells (skeletal miocytes in the first place) with substrates for gaining energy. The hormone transforms all palmitic saturated fatty acid endogenously synthesized from glucose into specific for animal cells rn-9 C18:1 oleic mono unsaturated fatty acid. The endogenous mono unsaturated fatty acid is oxidized by mitohondria with the highest constant of reaction velocity gaining for cells optimal quantity of biotransforming energy in the form of ATP. The insulin expresses in hepatocytes synthesis of oleic triglycerides and formation of oleic lipoproteins of very low density that only insulin-dependent cells absorb using apoE/B-100-endocytosis. The insulin expresses synthesis of Palmitoyl-KoA-elongase, stearyl-KoA-desaturase and glucose transporters 4, activates glucose absorption by cells with the purpose of synthesis endogenous oleic saturated fatty acid. The insulin substitutes in vivo ineffective palmitic alternative of metabolism of fatty acids for potentially more effective oleic metabolism of fatty acids. The insulin increases unsaturation of fatty acids and number of double binds in them. This can be established by direct titration of double binds by ozone on the basis of quantitative detection of fatty acids using technique of gas chromatography and calculating ratio C16:1/C16:0, C18:1/C18:0 and C18:1/C16:0. The diabetes mellitus is a disorder of metabolism of mono unsaturated fatty acid in the first place and only in the second place pathology of glucose absorption by cells.

O ganho, a perda e os paradoxos no enfoque transgeracional / Gain, loss and paradoxes in the transgenerational approach

Este artigo versa sobre as vivências de ganho e de perda, bem como sobre os paradoxos no enfoque transgeracional. Discutem-se suas relações com o sistema representacional, a família e a clínica psicanalítica, com base no método clínico psicanalítico. Estas vivências mentais tendem a alterar o funcionamento do sistema das representações e dificultar a mudança psíquica das representações e afetos do paciente. Com isso, seu desejo não pode ser atualizado quando adulto. O trabalho analítico pode favorecer a realização do desejo do paciente em seus fundamentos mais essenciais. A autora propõe algumas hipóteses de trabalho sobre o tema com base na clínica e em concepções de alguns autores como Kaës (2001), Eiguer (1997), Racamier (1991), entre outros.(AU)

This article deals with gain and loss experiences, as well as with paradoxes in the transgenerational approach. Their relations with the representational system, family and psychoanalytic clinic are discussed, based on the psychoanalytic clinic method. These mental experiences tend to modify the functioning of the representational system and make the patient's psychic change related to representations and affects difficult. Then, the patients wish can not be satisfied in his/her adult life. The analytic work can help the patient's wish as to the fulfillment of his/her essential foundations. The author proposes some work hypothesis about the theme based on her clinical observations and on conceptions from some psychoanalysts such as Kaës (2001), Eiguer (1997), Racamier (1991, among others.(AU)

O ganho, a perda e os paradoxos no enfoque transgeracional / Gain, loss and paradoxes in the transgenerational approach

Este artigo versa sobre as vivências de ganho e de perda, bem como sobre os paradoxos no enfoque transgeracional. Discutem-se suas relações com o sistema representacional, a família e a clínica psicanalítica, com base no método clínico psicanalítico. Estas vivências mentais tendem a alterar o funcionamento do sistema das representações e dificultar a mudança psíquica das representações e afetos do paciente. Com isso, seu desejo não pode ser atualizado quando adulto. O trabalho analítico pode favorecer a realização do desejo do paciente em seus fundamentos mais essenciais. A autora propõe algumas hipóteses de trabalho sobre o tema com base na clínica e em concepções de alguns autores como Kaës (2001), Eiguer (1997), Racamier (1991), entre outros

This article deals with gain and loss experiences, as well as with paradoxes in the transgenerational approach. Their relations with the representational system, family and psychoanalytic clinic are discussed, based on the psychoanalytic clinic method. These mental experiences tend to modify the functioning of the representational system and make the patient's psychic change related to representations and affects difficult. Then, the patients wish can not be satisfied in his/her adult life. The analytic work can help the patient's wish as to the fulfillment of his/her essential foundations. The author proposes some work hypothesis about the theme based on her clinical observations and on conceptions from some psychoanalysts such as Kaës (2001), Eiguer (1997), Racamier (1991, among others

An 8-week course of 45 mg of carbonyl iron daily reduces iron deficiency in female whole blood donors aged 18 to 45 years: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Blood donation is known to contribute to iron deficiency in regular blood donors. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of postdonation iron replacement to mitigate iron deficiency in blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 282 female whole blood donors aged 18 to 45 were prospectively randomized in a double-blinded placebo controlled trial to receive an 8-week postdonation course of carbonyl iron (45 mg daily) or placebo. The primary endpoint was prevalence of iron deficiency (ferritin < 15 ng/mL) at 12 weeks postdonation. Secondary endpoints were eligibility to donate based on capillary hemoglobin (Hb) and incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. RESULTS: Ferritin levels at Week 12 were significantly higher in donors receiving carbonyl iron (17.0 ± 10.9 ng/mL) compared with those receiving placebo (10.6 ± 8.4 ng/mL; p < 0.001). The proportion of iron-deficient donors was significantly lower in the carbonyl iron group (51.9%) compared to the placebo (80.5%; p < 0.001). The mean Hb level in the carbonyl iron group (134.6 ± 8.7 g/L) was significantly higher than in the placebo arm (130.0 ± 9.9 g/L; p < 0.001), significantly improving eligibility to donate at Week 12. Significantly more donors receiving carbonyl iron had at least one GI side effect (p < 0.001). Importantly, 86.7% of donors receiving carbonyl iron indicated that they would take iron on an ongoing basis. CONCLUSION: An 8-week postdonation course of 45 mg of carbonyl iron significantly reduced iron deficiency and was well tolerated in female whole blood donors. Postdonation iron replacement may have a role in a broader strategy to optimize donor iron status.

Access to leave benefits for primary caregivers of children with special health care needs: a double bind.

OBJECTIVE: Family leave benefits are a key tool that allow parents to miss work to care for their ill children. We examined whether access to benefits varies by level of childcare responsibilities among employed parents of children with special health care needs (CSHCN). METHODS: We conducted telephone interviews with 3 successive cohorts of employed parents of CSHCN, randomly sampled from a California children's hospital. At Wave 1 (November 2003 to January 2004), we conducted 372 parent interviews. At Wave 2 (November 2005 to January 2006), we conducted 396 parent interviews. At Wave 3 (November 2007 to January 2008), we conducted 393 parent interviews. We pooled these samples for bivariate and multivariate regression analyses by using wave indicators and sample weights. RESULTS: Parents with more childcare responsibilities (primary caregivers) reported less access to sick leave/vacation (65% vs 82%, P < .001), access to paid leave outside of sick leave/vacation (41% vs 51%, P < .05), and eligibility for Family and Medical Leave Act benefits (28% vs 44%, P < .001) than secondary caregivers. Part-time employment and female gender largely explained 2 of the 3 associations between more childcare responsibilities and less access to leave benefits. Even in the context of part-time employment, however, primary caregivers were just as likely as secondary caregivers both to miss work due to their child's illness and to report being unable to miss work when they needed to. CONCLUSIONS: Due in part to employment and gender differences, leave benefits among parents of CSHCN are skewed away from primary caregivers and toward secondary caregivers. Thus, primary caregivers may face particularly difficult choices between employment and childcare responsibilities. Reducing this disparity in access to benefits may improve the circumstances of CSHCN and their families.

O estatuto posicional pode influenciar o desempenho tático ente jogadores da Categoria Sub-13 / nal statute influence tactical performance of U-13 youth soccer players?

Com a importância do processo de formação dos jogadores de Futebol, as características peculiares em diferentes estatutos posicionais podem apresentar desempenhos táticos distintos quando consideradas as diferentes fases de jogo (defensiva e ofensiva). Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se o estatuto posicional pode influenciar o desempenho tático entre jogadores da Categoria Sub-13. A amostra foi composta por 100 jogadores de futebol da Categoria Sub-13, divididos em 27 Defensores, 38 Meio Campistas e 35 Atacantes. Foram analisadas um total de 5213 ações Ofensivas e Defensivas, com a seguinte distribuição por princípios: Ofensivos: “Penetração” [n=319; (12,99%)]; “Cobertura Ofensiva” [n=692; (28,19%)]; “Mobilidade” [n=182; (7,42%)]; “Espaço” [n=929; (37,84%)] e “Unidade Ofensiva” [n=333; (13,56%)]; Defensivos: “Contenção” [n=664; (24,07%)]; ”Cobertura Defensiva” [n=220; (7,98%)]; “Equilíbrio” [n=639; (23,17%)]; “Concentração” [n=340; (12,33%)] e “Unidade Defensiva” [n=895; (32,45%)]. O instrumento utilizado para coleta e análise dos dados foi o FUT-SAT, Os resultados foram tratados através da estatística descritiva e os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA One Way, Kruskal Wallis e Post Hoc de Tukey. Para o cálculo da fiabilidade recorreu-se ao teste Kappa de Cohen . Para o tratamento dos dados foi utilizado o software SPSS for Windows, versão 18.0. Adotou-se um nível de significância de p <0,05. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o Índice de Performance Tática e os estatutos posicionais para o princípio tático ofensivo “Unidade Ofensiva” entre Meio Campistas e Atacantes... Sobretudo, em movimentações ofensivas afastadas do centro de jogo e em apoios ofensivos que ocorrem atrás da linha da bola. Desta forma, os Meio Campistas da categoria Sub-13 apresentam desempenho superior para o princípio tático “Unidade Ofensiva”.

With the importance of the process of formation of the Football players, the peculiar characteristics in different positional statutes may provide distinct tactical performances when considering the different phases of the game (defensive and offensive).This paper aims to verify whether positional role can influence the tactical performance of U-13 youth soccer players. The sample comprised 100 U-13 youth soccer players divided into 27 defenders, 38 midfielders and 35 forwards. 5213 offensive and defensive actions were analyzed, with the following distribution: Offensive Principles: “Penetration” [n=319; (12,99%)]; “Offensive Coverage” [n=692; (28,19%)]; “Mobility” [n=182; (7,42%)]; “Width and Length” [n=929; (37,84%)] and “Offensive Unity” [n=333; (13,56%)]; Defensive: “Delay” [n=664; (24,07%)]; “Defensive Coverage” [n=220; (7,98%)]; “Balance” [n=639; (23,17%)]; “Concentration” [n=340; (12,33%)] and “Defensive Unity” [n=895; (32,45%)]. FUT-SAT was used to data collection and analysis. Results were processed through descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA One Way, Kruskal Wallis and Tukey’s Post Hoc tests. For data processing the software SPSS for Windows, version 18.0 was used. The significance level was set to p<0.05. Results presented significant differences between the Tactical Performance Index and positional roles for the tactical principle “Offensive Unity” among midfielders and forwards. For the remaining tactical principles no significant differences were found. It is concluded with the present study that the positional role influences the tactical performance of midfielders in comparison with forwards, mainly in offensive movements away from the game center and offensive supports occurred behind the ball line. Thereby, U-13 midfielders showed higher performance for the tactical principle “Offensive Unity”.

O amor entre jovens em tempos de ficar: correlatos existenciais e demográficos / Love among youngsters in times of casual relationships: existential and demographic correlates / El amor entre los jóvenes en tiempos de “rollo”:: correlatos existenciales y demográficos

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer em que medida o amor e o ficar se correlacionam e como ambos se relacionam com o sentido da vida e com o vazio existencial. Complementarmente, procurou-se conhecer evidências de validade fatorial e de consistência interna da medida de amor. Participaram 199 estudantes universitários (51% mulheres), com idade média de 21 anos, que responderam a versão revisada do Teste Propósito de Vida e a Escala Tetrangular do Amor (ETA). Os resultados apoiaram a adequação do modelo tetrafatorial da ETA. Três de seus fatores (compromisso, paixão romântica e intimidade) se associaram positivamente à realização existencial; a intimidade o fez negativamente com o desespero, e o vazio existencial e a paixão romântica, ao vazio existencial. No caso do ficar, este se correlacionou negativamente com os fatores compromisso, intimidade e paixão romântica. Esses resultados foram discutidos à luz da logoterapia, que considera o amor uma via para obter o sentido da vida.(AU)

This study aimed to know the correlation between love and staying and how both are correlated to the life meaning and existential void. In addition, it tried to know evidences of factorial validity and reliability of the measure of love. The participants were 199 undergraduate students (51% women) with the mean age of 21 years. They answered the revised version of the Life Purpose Test and the Tetra-dimensional Love Scale (TLS). Results supported the adequacy of the tetra-factorial model for the TLS. Three of its factors (commitment, intimacy, and romantic passion) were positively associated with existential realization; intimacy did negatively with despair and existential void, and romantic passion did it with the existential void. With respect to staying, it was negatively correlated with the love factors commitment, intimacy and romantic passion. The discussion of these findings was based on logotherapy, that considers love a way to get the meaning of life.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer en qué medida el amor y el ficar (tener relaciones esporádicas) se correlacionan entre sí, y cómo ambos se relacionan con el sentido de la vida y el vacío existencial. Complementariamente, se procuró conocer evidencias de validez factorial y consistencia interna de la medida de amor. Participaron 199 estudiantes universitarios (51% mujeres) con edad media de 21 años. Estos respondieron la versión revisada del Test Propósito de Vida y la Escala Tetrangular del Amor (ETA). Los resultados apoyaron la adecuación del modelo tetrafactorial de la ETA. Tres de sus factores (compromiso, pasión romántica e intimidad) se asociaron positivamente con la realización existencial; la intimidad lo hizo negativamente con el desespero y el vacío existencial y la pasión romántica con el vacío existencial. En el caso del ficar (tener relaciones esporádicas), se correlacionó negativamente con los factores compromiso, intimidad y pasión romántica. Estos resultados fueron discutidos a la luz de la Logoterapia, considerando el amor como una vía para obtener el sentido de la vida.(AU)